Univ Integrat Health. 2019 Aug;19(8):541-561

Conventional Antibiotics and Natural Antimicrobial Alternatives

Introduction

Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infections. They are important in helping your body’s natural defense system. Antibiotics kill or stop bacteria from reproducing. This can be an important life saving measure. The most common antibiotics are classified as drugs, and they are usually prescribed by your doctor. However there are natural antibiotics that exist. Some of the natural antibiotics are garlic, honey, cabbage, grapefruit seed extract, raw apple cider vinegar, extra virgin coconut oil, fermented food, and colloidal silver.

Natural antibiotics help to kill gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They are also powerful antiviral and antifungals, increase blood circulation and lymph flow in all parts of the body. (Omics Online n.d.) ^[1]

Antibiotics are used to treat specific kinds of bacteria. These are synthetic antibiotics that are classified into different groups based on which type of bacteria they kill. An antibiotic class is a grouping of different drugs that have similar chemical and pharmacologic properties. Their chemical structures may look comparable, and drugs within the same class may kill the same or related bacteria. (Drugs.com n.d.)^[2] A list of the synthetic classes include Penicillin, Tetracycline, Cephalosporin, Quinolones, Lincomycins, Macrolides, Sulfonamides, Glycopeptide, Aminoglycoside, and Carbapenem.

Power of Natural Antibiotics

What are Antibiotics?

Antibiotics are powerful medicines that fight against bacterial infections. Selman Waksman first used the term “antibiotic” in 1941 to describe any small molecule made by a microbe that inhibits the growth of other microbes. The development of penicillin, which is produced by a fungus, along with streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, which are produced by soil bacteria, ushered in the antibiotic age [1][2]. Since then, antibiotics have transformed modern medicine and saved millions of lives [4]. However, antibiotics only work against infections caused by bacteria and certain parasites. A parasite is a type of germ that needs to live on or in another living being. Antibiotics are not used to treat infections that are caused by viruses. [3][5].

Antibiotics are usually prescribed by doctors only for serious bacterial infections. They can be taken by mouth as liquids, tablets, capsules, or they can be given by injection, or intravenously.. The majority of the time, people that need antibiotics by injections are in hospitals because they have a severe infection. Antibiotics are also available in creams, ointments, or lotions to treat certain skin infections. Each type of antibiotic only works against certain types of bacteria.. For this reason, different antibiotics are used to treat different types of infections. The main types are [3]:

• Penicillins
• Cephalosporins
• Tetracyclines
• Aminoglycosides
• Macrolides
• Clindamycin
• Sulfonamides
• Quinolones
• Nitrofurantoin

Besides the main types, there are other antibiotics that specialist doctors or hospital doctors may prescribe for more uncommon infections such as tuberculosis (TB). The choice of an antibiotic depends on the infection and the type of germ that a doctor determines as the cause of the problem. Among other factors that influence the choice of an antibiotic are [3]:

• How severe the infection is
• How well your kidneys and liver are working
• Dosing schedule
• Other medications that a patient might be taking
• Common side-effects
• A history of having an allergy to a certain type of antibiotic
• If you are pregnant or breastfeeding
• Pattern of infection in your community

How Do Antibiotics Work?

The understanding of how antibiotics induce bacterial cell death is centered on the essential cellular function inhibited by the primary drug-target interaction. Antibiotics are classified based on the cellular component or system they affect, in addition to whether they induce cell death, or merely inhibit cell growth. Common antimicrobials inhibit DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, cell wall synthesis, or protein synthesis. Antibiotic-mediated cell death is a complex process that usually starts with the physical interaction between a drug molecule and its bacterial-specific target. It involves alterations to the affected bacterium at the biochemical, molecular and ultrastructural levels [6].

Antibiotics Resistance

Overuse of antibiotics drives the increasing rate of drug resistance. If people overuse antibiotics or use them incorrectly, bacteria become resistant. This means that the antibiotic becomes less effective against that type of bacterium, as the bacterium has been able to improve its defenses [3]. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between antibiotic use and the emergence and dissemination of resistant bacterial strains. Bacteria can inherit their genes from relatives or can be acquired from non relatives on mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. This gene transfer can allow antibiotic resistance to be transferred among different species of bacteria [16].

Resistance may also occur spontaneously through mutation. Antibiotics are responsible for removing drug-sensitive competitors, leaving bacteria behind to reproduce. This resistance arises as the result of natural selection. Due to normal genetic variations in bacterial populations, individual organisms can carry mutations that make antibiotics ineffective, conveying a survival advantage to the mutated strain. Despite the warnings, these drugs are being over-prescribed worldwide. In the United States, the number of antibiotics prescribed indicates that a lot of work must be done to decrease the use of these medications [16].

Another major contributor to the overuse of antibiotics may not be as obvious as medications. Although the vast majority of antibiotic use occurs in agricultural settings, there has been little attention paid to how antibiotic use in farm animals contributes to the overall resistance issue. These drugs are administered to animals in feed to marginally improve growth rates and to prevent infections, a practice that is projected to increase over the next 15 years. There is increasing evidence that antibiotic resistance in humans is promoted by the widespread use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in animals. Resistant bacteria are transmitted to humans through direct contact with animals, by exposure to animal manure, through consumption of undercooked meat, and through contact with uncooked meat or surfaces meat has touched [17].

Synthetic vs. Natural Antibiotics

In this day and age, the most common form of antibiotics are prescription based. However, there are natural alternatives that can be used. While synthetic forms of antibiotics treat the disease, they also cause the bacteria to change and resist the effects of the drug. This misuse is leading to a wide variety of pathogens and bacteria resistance. Some of the misuse can be attributed to clinical practices. With the increased resistance of pathogens towards antibiotics, it has been speculated that some antibiotics may soon become obsolete. Using scientific data, a large portion of society is being uninformed on the proper use and application of antibiotics [7]. This lack of awareness is a cause of proliferation of bacteria resistance. It is important to inform the public about the correct use of these drugs. This could help fight against the emergency of antibiotic resistance. Nature has provided powerful ingredients to combat pathogenic bacteria. Natural products will have, and they should have an important role in overall health, in preventive healthcare, and in some cases, in treatment..

The side effects of synthetic antibiotics, beyond antibiotic resistance, include diarrhea, cramping, headache, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal pain.

Why Natural Antibiotics?

The term “natural antibiotic” is used to describe plants, herbs, supplements, or other natural substances that display very strong antimicrobial properties. This means that they can help fight viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections [8]. Medical doctors probably have a good reason for prescribing antibiotics in a given instance. While they do target specific bacteria, we have good bacteria in our bodies as well, and prescription antibiotics may kill them. For this reason, it is possible to remove one illness while opening yourself up to others.

Unlike synthetic antibiotics, natural antimicrobials have no or few negative side effects.

Humans have used natural remedies for thousands of years, however most remedies have not been thoroughly tested. Nevertheless, some of them show positive results under medical review, from patient reports, clinical experience, and traditional knowledge-bases. With the increase in drug-resistance bacteria, scientists will always be looking for alternatives when developing new medications [8]. Medicinal plants have been a source of drug compounds for ages. Plants derived products have made an important contribution to human health and wellbeing. Green pharmacy is a base for the development of new drugs and mechanisms of action [11]. Among the studied natural antibiotics are [8]:

• Oregano: The major components that are associated with antimicrobial activities in oregano were proved to be carvacrol and thymol. As the chemical compounds in EO and extracts of oregano are complex, they could inhibit microorganisms through different cell targets. Uses: Oregano can be used fresh and dried to complement and season savory dishes. It is mostly paired with tomatoes, but it also goes well in a variety of meals like soup and salads.

Alongside the use of natural antibiotics, it is important to maintain a diet rich in probiotics. Studies have shown the health benefits of probiotics, with one of their major roles being to help reduce resistant and harmful bacteria within the gut while also cultivating good bacteria. Probiotics are the good bacterial flora living inside our digestive tracts that help to break down the foods in the human body and absorb immune-boosting nutrients that feed the brain and organs [19].

• Mustard oil: Mustard oil possesses powerful antimicrobial properties that block certain harmful bacteria from growing. Mustard oil is also rich in a type of omega-3 fatty acid called alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) helps to decrease inflammation and relieve pain caused by conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Through this effect, mustard oil may alleviate similar sources of pain. It is high in monounsaturated fatty acids which is linked to supporting heart health.
• Garlic: Different cultures throughout history have recognized the potential use of garlic for prevention and treatment of different diseases. Compounds in garlic are thought to reduce the risk for cardiovascular diseases, have antimicrobial effects, and show benefits on high blood glucose concentration. It has been used for centuries to combat infectious diseases [9][11]. Uses: Besides using it to cook, garlic, like other natural antimicrobials, can also be found as a supplement.

• Honey: For a very long time, honey has been used as an ointment that helps wounds to heal and prevents infections. Antibacterial effects of honey are usually attributed to its hydrogen peroxide content. Its healing properties are due to the fact that it offers antibacterial activity, and its high viscosity helps to provide a protective barrier that prevents infection [10].
• Turmeric: The results of antimicrobial activity for curcumin makes it a perfect candidate to enhance the inhibitory effect of existing antimicrobial agents. Investigations have been done to increase the antimicrobial activity of curcumin, including synthesis of different chemical derivatives to increase its water solubility as well as cell uptake of curcumin [20]. Use: Roots and bulbs of the turmeric plant can be used in food and herbal medicine. Turmeric is also available as a supplement such as capsules containing powder and liquid extract.
• Ginger: Ginger has an effective antibacterial activity against clinical pathogens, and can be used for the prevention of drug resistant microbial diseases. Results of several studies show how ginger extract exhibits antibacterial activities against three tested bacteria [12][11]. Use: Ginger can be used in infusions such as tea. Also, it can be chopped or crushed in curries, savory dishes, and dried or crystalized in sweets.

• Echinacea: In North America, echinacea purpurea has been used for the treatment of various types of infections and wounds. Recent studies have shown how this plant contains potent antiviral and antimicrobial activities. Echinacea can also fight inflammation which is associated with bacterial infection [13]. Use: It can be found as a dried root or herb to use in teas, as an extract, powder and in creams or ointments for slow-healing wounds [21].
• Goldenseal: This herbal remedy is commonly used to treat skin infections. An extract of goldenseal leaves demonstrated to have direct antimicrobial activity. Studies have shown how the extract of this herb possesses a mixture of constituents that fight against MRSA (bacteria resistant to methicillin) via several different mechanisms [14]. Use: Goldenseal can be found in tea or supplement form. For the powdered root, four to six grams per day in a tablet or capsule is recommended. For liquid herbal extracts, a typical recommended dosage is two milliliters.

• Mushrooms: Besides all of the vitamins and anti-inflammatory benefits that mushrooms have, they are also capable of inhibiting viruses and decreasing the severity of illness in those who are already sick. Certain types of mushrooms are shown to increase production of B and T lymphocytes, which are crucial immune cells that help control the body’s response to pathogens (harmful bacteria), viruses, toxins, and other substances [18].
• Clove: It is used in medicine as an antiseptic against infectious diseases like periodontal disease due to antimicrobial activities against oral bacteria. Clove is commonly applied in the food industry as a natural additive or antiseptic to increase shelf-life because of its effective antimicrobial activities against some foodborne pathogens [15]. Use: Cloves are used in a variety of sweet and savory foods. They are commonly used to flavor hot drinks.
• Cinnamon: Because of its antimicrobial activities, cinnamon is also used in cosmetics or food products, and also used as health-promoting agents to treat diseases like inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders, and urinary infections. Use: Regardless of its popularity in baked goods, cinnamon is also used in savory dishes and hot drinks.
• Oils: They have been used for centuries to eliminate disease-causing bacteria and viruses to fungus. Evidence has shown that antibacterial essential oils can effectively kill bacteria without becoming resistant to it making them great antibacterial and antimicrobial resources. Among the best antibacterial oils are thyme oil, cinnamon oil, oregano oil and tea tree oil [22]. Use: These oils can be mixed with honey and be applied to an affected external area. Also, they are used as a tonic. However, it is very important to be educated about all of the properties of the oil before ingesting them, especially if the person has medical conditions [22].

How to Use Antibiotics Safely

There are some ways that can help to prevent antibiotic resistance. These are [5]:

1. Before getting a prescription, ask your health provider if the antibiotics are really needed, and if there are other options..
2. Ask if a test has been done to make sure the right antibiotic is used.
3. Ask what side effects you may experience.
4. Don’t ask for antibiotics for viral infections.
5. Never start or stop taking antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription.
6. Take antibiotics exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider.
7. Do not take antibiotics prescribed to another person.

II Synthetic vs Natural

In this day and age the most common form of Antibiotics are prescription based. However there are natural alternatives. While lab-based, pharmaceutical antibiotics treat diseases, they also cause bacteria to change over time and resist the effects of the antibiotic. Overuse is leading to a wide variety of pathogen and bacterial resistance. Some of the misuse can be attributed to clinical practices. With increasing bacterial resistance, many antibiotics are becoming less effective or not effective at all. This widespread resistance is forcing constant research into new and novel antimicrobials. Epidemiologic data suggest that a large proportion of society, both patients and prescribers are misusing antibiotics. This lack of judicious antibiotic use is a cause of proliferation of bacteria resistance. It is important to inform the public, and remind providers of proper use. This could help fight the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Nature has provided powerful molecules to combat pathogenic bacteria. Natural substances have been and should continue to play an important role in human health.

II Some Diseases that Antibiotics Treat

Acne, Bronchitis, Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye), Otitis Media (Ear Infection), Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s), Skin or Soft Tissue Infection, Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat), Traveler’s diarrhea, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, and Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) are all examples of diseases that are treated with antibiotics.

IV Complications

There is widespread concern about the overuse of antibiotic drugs, and the emerging issue of bacterial strains, for which there are no effective medications..1,2,3For example, overprescribing of antibiotics by general dental practitioners is not generally perceived as a problem, although in 1997 more than 3 trillion prescriptions for antibiotics were dispensed.. Antibiotic prescribing by dentists could therefore play a significant part in the emergence of resistant bacterial strains. . (Palmer 2000)^[3]

V Diagnostic Process

Antibiotics primarily treat bacterial infections. This includes things like strep throat and urinary tract infections. They will not treat viruses, such as colds, the flu, or mono (mononucleosis). When investigating an illness, clinicians will take some biological sample (blood, urine, stool, skin, etc.) and the lab will test these samples against antibiotics to determine the most effective one. Since the lab process can take hours to days, there is often a presumption of the infectious agent, and a clinician will prescribe an antibiotic based on clinical experience, data from the literature, and signs and symptoms. This is referred to as empirical treatment. After lab results come in, your doctor may call you to change the antibiotic to a more effective one..

VI Rise of Resistance

The introduction of successive generations of β-lactam antibiotics and of macrolides, achromycin , and aminoglycosides is strong testament to the almost inescapable correlation that the introduction of a new antibiotic into widespread clinical use induces resistant bacteria. Given the vast number of bacteria, their short generation times, and typical gene mutation frequencies of 1 in 107 bacteria, resistance is inevitable. Optimizing the discovery and development of new antibiotics requires both new molecular sources and understanding of molecular resistance mechanisms. This thematic issue of Chemical Reviews polled experts on the mechanisms of action of the main classes of antibacterial drugs and on the main mechanisms of resistance. (Christopher 2005)^[4]

VII Modern medicinal antibiotics

Current medicinal use of antibiotics utilizes synthetic, or lab-derived forms, vs natural forms. Again, the points made earlier that the overuse of the synthetic antibiotics is causing wide-spread bacterial resistance. Some synthetic applications are as follows. Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum against many bacteria and treat conditions such as acne, urinary tract infections (UTIs), intestinal tract infections, eye infections, sexually transmitted diseases, periodontitis (gum disease), and other bacterial infections. (Drugs.com n.d.)^[5] Cephalosporins treat many infections, including strep throat, ear infections, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and meningitis. (Drugs.com n.d.) ^[6]Aminoglycosides inhibit bacterial synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome and act rapidly as bactericidal antibiotics (killing the bacteria). These drugs are usually given intravenously (Drugs.com n.d.)^[7]

VIII Why conventional treatment is not always successful

Misuse and overprescribing of synthetic antibiotics is the main cause. Synthetic antibiotics are widely used. Overuse is a problem and when they are used inappropriately, this leads to antibiotic resistance. This has become a common problem, for individual patients, and for the widespread public..

IX Nutrient and Herbal Antimicrobials

Garlic

Research has found that garlic can be an effective treatment against many forms of bacteria, including Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Garlic has even been considered for use against multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.

Honey

Since the time of Aristotle, honey has been used as an ointment that helps wounds to heal and prevents or draws out infection. Healthcare professionals today have found it helpful in treating chronic wounds, burns, ulcers, bedsores, and skin grafts.The antibacterial effects of honey are usually attributed to its hydrogen peroxide content. However, manuka honey fights off bacteria, though it has a lower hydrogen peroxide content. A 2011 study reported that the best-known type of honey inhibits approximately 60 kinds of bacteria. It also suggests that honey successfully treats wounds infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Antibacterial properties aside, honey may help wounds to heal by providing a protective coating that fosters a moist environment.

Ginger

The scientific community also recognizes ginger as a natural antibiotic. Several studies, including one published in 2017, have demonstrated ginger’s ability to fight many strains of bacteria. Researchers are also exploring ginger’s power to combat seasickness and nausea, and to lower blood sugar levels.

Echinacea

Native American and other traditional healers have used echinacea for hundreds of years to treat infections and wounds. Researchers are beginning to understand why. A study published in the Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology reports that an extract of Echinacea purpurea can kill many different kinds of bacteria, including Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes). S. pyogenes is responsible for strep throat, toxic shock syndrome, and the “flesh-eating disease” known as necrotizing fasciitis. Echinacea may also fight inflammation associated with bacterial infection. It is available from local herbalists, to purchase in health stores, or online.

Goldenseal

Goldenseal is usually consumed in tea or capsules to treat respiratory and digestive problems. However, it may also combat bacterial diarrhea and urinary tract infections. In addition, results of a recent study support the use of goldenseal to treat skin infections. In a lab, goldenseal extracts were used to prevent MRSA from damaging tissue. A person taking prescription medications should check with a doctor before taking goldenseal, as this supplement can cause interference. Goldenseal also contains berberine, an important component of natural antibiotics. This alkaloid is not safe for infants, or women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Goldenseal capsules are available to purchase in health stores or online.

Clove

Clove has traditionally been used in dental procedures. Research is now finding that clove water extract may be effective against many different kinds of bacteria, including E. coli.

Oregano

Some believe that oregano boosts the immune system and acts as an antioxidant. It may have anti-inflammatory properties. While researchers have yet to verify these claims, some studies show that oregano is among the more effective natural antibiotics, particularly when it is made into an oil.

(Dresden 2018)^[8]

X Conclusion

Importantly, synthetic antibiotics are necessary to fight life threatening bacteria, and have been of the greatest life-saving discoveries in human history. Some diseases are too strong for conservative and natural treatments, and need immediate attention. However, identifying and curbing the misuse of synthetic antibiotics may slow the trend of bacterial resistance. Patients should take them as prescribed and not use them for other illnesses. Patients should consult a medical professional. Antibiotics do not treat, and should not be taken for viral infections. Many viral infections are self-limiting. Your immune system will take over and fight most illnesses. Before the golden age of antibiotics in the mid-20th century, natural products were widely used as potent therapeutics against pathogenic bacteria. However, the increasing frequency of antibiotic-resistant infections clearly shows that modern medicine needs new approaches to fighting bacterial infections. Natural antimicrobials can help facilitate safe, complementary, and time-tested approaches to fighting potentially fatal bacterial infections. In addition to herbal remedies, lifestyle choices can be used to combat infections. Quality and consistent sleep, limiting sugar and processed foods (which can suppress your immune system for several hours after consumption), regular exercise,maintenance of stress reduction practices, and practicing diligent hygiene, combined with utilizing natural products can slow the trend of antibiotic resistance and contribute to ensuring a more healthy future for all.

A final note, two questions that commonly arise are 1.Can everyone take natural antibiotics on a daily basis? 2. When do you really need conventional prescribed antibiotics?

1. Most people can consume healthy amounts of natural antimicrobials through some of the foods, herbs, mushrooms, and supplements described briefly above. There are many, many more natural options for both preventive and therapeutic lifestyle and supplement-based antimicrobials. There is a plethora of research readily available about many of these, and many well-trained holistic providers to consult.
2. Your determination of when and how to use prescribed antibiotics should be primarily in direct consultation with your healthcare provider. Based on signs, symptoms, and severity of your individual condition. There is no-doubt whatsoever that prescribed antibiotics save lives every single day. There is also no-doubt that they are widely overused and misused. So, the decision to seek out medical attention is always an individual one. We hope that this chapter has opened your eyes to the idea that natural antimicrobials can be incorporated into your daily diet, and higher concentrations of natural agents can be used therapeutically. That fine line of when to seek more powerful medicines is impossible to answer here, some individuals are conservative and allow their symptoms to play out naturally- others seek medical attention at the earliest minor symptom. Developing a trusting, informative relationship with your healthcare provider can help empower you to navigate those decisions.

Commentary Section

As a doctor, I’ve had the privilege of witnessing some truly remarkable health transformations. One such case that stands out is of a patient who was constantly tired and in pain. He was struggling with indigestion and intestinal issues, which were exacerbated by the antibiotics he was taking. His condition was so severe that it affected his social life, causing anxiety and distress.

When he first came to us, his digestion was in a poor state. Over the last four and a half years, his intestinal pain fluctuated greatly, going from manageable to unbearable. Despite his efforts, nothing seemed to bring about consistent relief. However, with our guidance on diet and supplements, he began to experience a calmness in his core area.

His digestion improved significantly. Bowel movements became easier and more regular. The improvement in his condition brought him great joy. He expressed how much better he felt, free from the constant pain that had been a part of his life for so long.

The patient also shared how the chronic pain had caused him anxiety. It was a hidden disease; people couldn’t see what he was going through. But now, with less pain, he felt so much better. His thinking became clearer and he experienced more joy.

We also discussed his energy levels. When he first came to us, he was always tired. He wanted to take a nap every day but couldn’t afford to with three kids. Waking up in the morning was a struggle and he felt sluggish and exhausted all the time.

Now, he feels so much better. He wakes up in the morning feeling refreshed and can go throughout the day without feeling exhausted. By the end of the day, he’s tired, but it’s the normal kind of tiredness that comes after a productive day, not the constant fatigue he used to experience.

Seeing such a big difference in his condition has been truly rewarding for me as a doctor. It’s cases like these that remind me of why I chose this profession – to help people lead healthier and happier lives.

Works Cited

Christopher, Walsh. 2005. Chemical Reviews. February 9. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cr030100y.

Dresden, Danielle. 2018. Medical News Today. March 3. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321108.php.

n.d. Drugs.com. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotics.html.

n.d. Omics Online. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.omicsonline.org/scholarly/natural-antibiotics-journals-articles-ppts-list.php.

Palmer, N A O, R Pealing, R S Ireland & M V Martin. 2000. British Dental Journal. May 27. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/4800538.

1. MedlinePlus. (n.d.). Antibiotics. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/antibiotics.html
2. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2731226/
3. Patient.info. (n.d.). Infections – Antibiotics Leaflet. Retrieved from https://patient.info/infections/antibiotics-leaflet
4. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378521/
5. MedlinePlus. (n.d.). Patient Instructions – 000959. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000959.htm
6. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896384/
7. CDC. (2016). Media Releases – Unnecessary Prescriptions. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0503-unnecessary-prescriptions.html
8. Medical News Today. (n.d.). Article Title. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321108.php
9. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103721/
10. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609166/
11. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609356/
12. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5486105/
13. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3205674/
14. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527992/
15. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5486105/
16. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234384/
17. Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4638249/
18. Dr.Axe.com.(n.d.). Mushroom Nutrition Benefits – Dr.Axe.com.Retrieved from https://draxe.com/mushroom-nutrition-benefits/
19. Dr.Axe.com.(n.d.). Antibiotic Resistance – Dr.Axe.com.Retrieved from https://draxe.com/antibiotic-resistance/
20. Author(s).(Year).Title of article.Journal Name,Volume(Issue) .Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4022204/
21. LovePlantLife.(2012) .Echinacea: How to Grow and Use This Powerful Antibiotic and Immune Stimulant.Retrieved from http://loveplantlife.com/2012/02/echinacea-how-to-grow-and-use-this-powerful-antibiotic-and-immune-stimulant/ 22.Dr.Axe.com.(n.d.).Antibacterial Essential Oils – Dr.Axe.com.Retrieved from https://draxe.com/antibacterial-essential-oils/

1. Omics Online. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.omicsonline.org/scholarly/natural-antibiotics-journals-articles-ppts-list.php. ↑
2. Drugs.com. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotics.html. ↑
3. Palmer, N A O, R Pealing, R S Ireland & M V Martin. 2000. British Dental Journal. May 27. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/4800538. ↑
4. Christopher, Walsh. 2005. Chemical Reviews. February 9. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cr030100y. ↑
5. Drugs.com. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotics.html. ↑
6. Drugs.com. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotics.html. ↑
7. Drugs.com. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotics.html. ↑
8. Dresden, Danielle. 2018. Medical News Today. March 3. Accessed February 20, 2019. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321108.php. ↑